1994-2002
Research Fellow at the Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam

1995-2002
Ph.D. thesis: State Collapse and Post-Conflict Development in Africa: The Case of Somalia
(1960-2001)
 
1994–1995
Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.), International Political Economy, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

1991-1992
Postgraduate Diploma of International Relations and Development, Institute of Social Studies (ISS),
The Hague, The Netherlands

1983-1988
Master of International Relations, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.