Navigational aids

1997 paper, on German systems (pdf), dealing with:

•  Scheller's A/N path navigation system

•  Telefunken's "Kompass" beacon

•  Lorenz instrumental blind-approach beacons (Kramar)

•  Aircraft Doppler-Navigation (DVL 1935/36)

•  X-Beams over Britain (1940)

•  Y-Beams over Britian (1941)

•  Knickebein (Croocked leg)

•  Y-Kampf system (for guiding "night fighters" >1943)

•  Elektra-Sonne (Consol) (Kramar and Goldmann)

•  Hermes (Hermine), British called it: Talking Beacon

•  Bernhard and Bernhardine

Consider also: Archive displays on FuG28a Knickebein; (Y-beams over Britain, notice paticularly pp. 12-17) & Exhibits 1999002K

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